Peshitta Constellations

Explore the New Testament from its Aramaic roots

auto_stories Method

Read the New Testament in its original Aramaic with transliteration and translation. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the ⚙️ settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.

Read Luke 1:28 →

Every triliteral root connects Aramaic to its sister languages. Search a root and explore its Hebrew and Arabic cognates, then visualize the full Semitic family as an interactive graph. The Root Card shows the semantic field, a key verse, and sister roots — roots sharing 2 of 3 consonants (e.g., SH-L-M ↔ SH-L-KH).

Explore ܫܘܚ R-W-KH → | Visualize R-W-KH →

Select a verse and watch how all its roots form a constellation of interconnected meanings. From the reader, click the scatter_plot icon next to the verse number.

scatter_plot The Annunciation — Luke 1:28 →

Semitic languages don't define: they radiate. Every word grows from a triliteral root that opens a force field. Discover the method of Semitic exegesis behind this application.

auto_stories Read more →

auto_awesome Root of the day

ܫܟܒ SH-KH-P — lie down, sleep

Semantic field: reclining, horizontal rest, prostration

What gets lost in translation: In Aramaic, ܫܟܒ (shkhab) is fundamentally a postural, bodily act: the body laying itself horizontal upon the ground, the bed, or the tomb. The root covers everything from simply reclining to rest, to … Explore this root →

שָׁכַב shakhavשִׁכְבָה shikh'vahשָׁכֵב shakhev شَكَبَ shakabaشَاكِب shāki'bشَكْب shak'b

Visualize this root →

Enter a root (dashes are added automatically). Show transliteration table

Enter in native script or transliteration

Search Syriac roots by their English meaning. Find the Aramaic semantic field of a concept.

Find verses where two roots appear together. Use transliterated roots (e.g. M-L-K, SH-L-M).

Search words or phrases in translations. Also accepts Syriac text.

list Browse all roots menu_book Read the Peshitta

hard, difficult

Peshitta Occurrences

Form	Transliteration	Gloss	References
ܩܘܫܬܐ	qwštʾ qwshth'	hard, difficult[fem]	Luke 12:57 Romans 9:1 2 Corinthians 7:14 2 Corinthians 13:8 2 Corinthians 13:8 Ephesians 4:21 Ephesians 4:25 1 Timothy 2:7 1 Timothy 6:5 James 3:14
ܒܩܘܫܬܐ	bqwštʾ bqwshth'	in-hard, difficult[fem]	Matthew 22:16 Luke 20:21 Acts 12:11 Romans 2:2 1 Corinthians 13:6 2 Corinthians 7:14 Ephesians 6:14 Philippians 1:18 Colossians 1:6 2 Thessalonians 2:12
ܕܩܘܫܬܐ	dqwštʾ dqwshth'	of-hard, difficult[fem]	John 6:32 Romans 1:18 2 Corinthians 6:7 Ephesians 1:13 Ephesians 4:24 Colossians 1:5 2 Thessalonians 2:10 James 1:18 James 5:19
ܩܘܫܘ	qwšw qwshw	hard, difficult[3pl] Peal	Matthew 7:7 Luke 11:9
ܘܩܘܫܬܐ	wqwštʾ wqwshth'	and-hard, difficult[fem]	John 1:14 Ephesians 5:9

Hebrew Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
קָשֶׁה	qasheh	hard

Arabic Cognates

No Arabic cognates available for this root.