ARAMAIC NEW TESTAMENT
Every word is a root, and every root is a constellation.
Explore the Peshitta — the Syriac New Testament — through its triliteral Aramaic roots. Hebrew and Arabic cognates, interlinear reader, and a living map of how each root hardened into Greek.
3,329
Root patterns
165,527
Word forms
3,459
Cognates
589
Semantic bridges
Read the Peshitta — the 4th–5th century Syriac translation of the New Testament — with transliteration and modern translation side by side. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the settings menu settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.
Read Luke 1:28 →Peshitta Occurrences
| Form | Transliteration | Gloss | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ܩܫܝܐ | qšyʾ qshy' |
hard, difficult | Matthew 25:24 Mark 8:17 Luke 19:21 Luke 19:22 John 6:60 Acts 27:18 2 Timothy 3:1 Proverbs 27:16 Isaiah 14:3 Isaiah 21:2 |
| ܩܫܝܬܐ | qšytʾ qshyth' |
hard, difficult[fem] | James 3:4 Proverbs 15:1 Isaiah 27:1 Isaiah 27:8 |
| ܘܠܩܝܫܝܐ | wlqyšyʾ wlqyshy' |
hard, difficult | James 5:7 |
| ܩܫܝܘܬܐ | qšywtʾ qshywth' |
hard, difficult[abst] | Romans 11:22 |
| ܠܩܫܝܐ | lqšyʾ lqshy' |
to-hard, difficult | 1 Peter 2:18 |
| ܩܫܝ̈ܬܐ | qšytʾ qshyth' |
hard, difficult[fem] | Psalms 60:5 |
| ܕܩܫܝܐ | dqšyʾ dqshy' |
of-hard, difficult | Matthew 14:30 |
| ܘܩܫܝܐ | wqšyʾ wqshy' |
and-hard, difficult | Acts 25:7 |
| ܩܫ̈ܝܐ | qšyʾ qshy' |
hard, difficult | Isaiah 19:4 |
| ܘܩܫܝܘܬܗ | wqšywth wqshywthh |
and-hard, difficult[abst]-his | Romans 11:22 |
| ܩܫܝܝ | qšyy qshyy |
hard, difficult-my | Acts 7:51 |
| ܘܩܫܝܬ | wqšyt wqshyth |
and-hard, difficult[perf] Peal | Isaiah 63:17 |
| ܘܐܩܫܝܘܗܝ | wʾqšywhy w'qshywhy |
and-[impf]hard, difficult-her Aphel | Isaiah 22:23 |
Hebrew Cognates
| Word | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| קָשֶׁה | qashe | hard |
| קָשֶׁה | qasheh | hard, difficult |
| קֹשִׁי | qoshi | hardness, difficulty |
| הִתְקַשֵּׁה | hitkasheh | to harden, become stubborn |
Arabic Cognates
| Word | Transliteration | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| قَاسِي | qāsī | hard |
| قَسْوَة | qaswah | hardness, severity |
| تَقَسَّى | taqassa | to harden, become severe |
| قَسَاوَة | qasāwah | hardness, cruelty |