Peshitta Constellations

Explore the New Testament from its Aramaic roots

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Read the New Testament in its original Aramaic with transliteration and translation. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the ⚙️ settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.

Read Luke 1:28 →

Every triliteral root connects Aramaic to its sister languages. Search a root and explore its Hebrew and Arabic cognates, then visualize the full Semitic family as an interactive graph. The Root Card shows the semantic field, a key verse, and sister roots — roots sharing 2 of 3 consonants (e.g., SH-L-M ↔ SH-L-KH).

Explore ܫܘܚ R-W-KH → | Visualize R-W-KH →

Select a verse and watch how all its roots form a constellation of interconnected meanings. From the reader, click the scatter_plot icon next to the verse number.

scatter_plot The Annunciation — Luke 1:28 →

Semitic languages don't define: they radiate. Every word grows from a triliteral root that opens a force field. Discover the method of Semitic exegesis behind this application.

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auto_awesome Root of the day

ܫܟܒ SH-KH-P — lie down, sleep

Semantic field: reclining, horizontal rest, prostration

What gets lost in translation: In Aramaic, ܫܟܒ (shkhab) is fundamentally a postural, bodily act: the body laying itself horizontal upon the ground, the bed, or the tomb. The root covers everything from simply reclining to rest, to … Explore this root →

שָׁכַב shakhavשִׁכְבָה shikh'vahשָׁכֵב shakhev شَكَبَ shakabaشَاكِب shāki'bشَكْب shak'b

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darkness

Peshitta Occurrences

Form	Transliteration	Gloss	References
ܚܫܚܘ	ḥšḥw khshkhw	darkness[3pl] Peal	2 Timothy 2:16 Philemon 1:11 Hebrews 9:17
ܚܫܚܬܐ	ḥšḥtʾ khshkhth'	darkness[fem]	Romans 1:26 Romans 1:27 Colossians 2:22
ܐܬܚܫܚ	ʾtḥšḥ 'thkhshkh	[pass]darkness Ethpeel	Romans 1:26 1 Corinthians 9:18
ܕܚܫܚܬܐ	dḥšḥtʾ dkhshkhth'	of-darkness[fem]	1 Corinthians 7:31 Colossians 2:23
ܠܚܘܫܚܐ	lḥwšḥʾ lkhwshkh'	darkness	1 Timothy 4:3 2 Timothy 2:21
ܐܬܚܫܚܢ	ʾtḥšḥn 'thkhshkhn	[pass]darkness-them Ethpeel	1 Corinthians 9:12 1 Thessalonians 2:5
ܐܬܚܫܚܬ	ʾtḥšḥt 'thkhshkhth	[pass]darkness[perf] Ethpeel	1 Corinthians 9:15
ܘܐܬܚܫܚ	wʾtḥšḥ w'thkhshkh	and-[pass]darkness Ethpeel	Acts 27:3
ܕܚܫܚ	dḥšḥ dkhshkh	of-darkness	Hebrews 6:7
ܘܚܫܚܐ	wḥšḥʾ wkhshkh'	and-darkness	Ephesians 4:29
ܒܚܫܚܬܐ	bḥšḥtʾ bkhshkhth'	in-darkness[fem]	1 Timothy 6:6
ܕܡܬܚܫܚܝܢ	dmtḥšḥyn dmthkhshkhyn	that.from-[impf]darkness[pl]	1 Corinthians 7:31
ܘܚܫܚ	wḥšḥ wkhshkh	and-darkness	Luke 9:62
ܚܫܚ	ḥšḥ khshkh	darkness Peal	Philemon 1:11

Hebrew Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
חֹשֶׁךְ	khoshekh	darkness
חָשַׁךְ	khashakh	to darken, make dark
חֲשֵׁכָה	khasheikhah	darkness, gloom

Arabic Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
كَشَكَ	kashaka	to darken, make dark
كُشْكُوك	kushkook	darkness, gloom
كَشْكَشَة	kashkashah	darkness, gloom