Peshitta Constellations

Explore the New Testament from its Aramaic roots

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Read the New Testament in its original Aramaic with transliteration and translation. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the ⚙️ settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.

Read Luke 1:28 →

Every triliteral root connects Aramaic to its sister languages. Search a root and explore its Hebrew and Arabic cognates, then visualize the full Semitic family as an interactive graph. The Root Card shows the semantic field, a key verse, and sister roots — roots sharing 2 of 3 consonants (e.g., SH-L-M ↔ SH-L-KH).

Explore ܫܘܚ R-W-KH → | Visualize R-W-KH →

Select a verse and watch how all its roots form a constellation of interconnected meanings. From the reader, click the scatter_plot icon next to the verse number.

scatter_plot The Annunciation — Luke 1:28 →

Semitic languages don't define: they radiate. Every word grows from a triliteral root that opens a force field. Discover the method of Semitic exegesis behind this application.

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ܦܐܪ P-A-R — fruit, produce

Semantic field: fruit, yield, result of labor

What gets lost in translation: In Aramaic, ܦܐܪ (par) carries the full arc from seed to consequence — fruit is not just what grows on a tree but the visible manifestation of an invisible process. Greek καρπός retains the metaphorica… Explore this root →

פְּרִי peri

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dark, darkness

Peshitta Occurrences

Form	Transliteration	Gloss	References
ܚܫܘܟܐ	ḥšwkʾ khshwk'	darkness	Matthew 6:23 Matthew 6:23 Matthew 27:45 Mark 15:33 Luke 11:35 Luke 11:36 Luke 23:44 John 12:35 Acts 26:18 2 Corinthians 4:6 2 Corinthians 6:14 Ephesians 5:8 Ephesians 6:12 1 Thessalonians 5:5 1 Peter 2:9
ܒܚܫܘܟܐ	bḥšwkʾ bkhshwk'	dark, darkness	Matthew 4:16 Matthew 10:27 John 1:5 John 8:12 John 12:35 John 12:46 Romans 2:19 1 Thessalonians 5:4 1 John 1:6 1 John 2:9 1 John 2:11
ܕܚܫܘܟܐ	dḥšwkʾ dkhshwk'	dark, darkness	Luke 22:53 Romans 13:12 1 Corinthians 4:5 Ephesians 5:11 Colossians 1:13 1 John 2:8 1 John 2:11
ܠܚܫܘܟܐ	lḥšwkʾ lkhshwk'	dark, darkness	Matthew 8:12 Matthew 22:13 Matthew 25:30 John 3:19 Hebrews 12:18
ܘܚܫܘܟܐ	wḥšwkʾ wkhshwk'	dark, darkness	John 1:5 Acts 13:11 1 John 1:5
ܚܫܘܟ	ḥšwk khshwk	dark, darkness	Luke 11:34 Luke 24:1 John 20:1
ܕܒܚܫܘܟܐ	dbḥšwkʾ dbkhshwk'	dark, darkness	Luke 1:79 Luke 12:3
ܢܚܫܟ	nḥšk nkhshk	[impf]dark, darkness	Matthew 24:29 Mark 13:24
ܘܚܫܘܟܝܢ	wḥšwkyn wkhshwkyn	dark, darkness	Ephesians 4:18
ܚܫܟ	ḥšk khshk	dark, darkness Peal	Luke 23:45
ܘܐܬܚܫܟ	wʾtḥšk w'thkhshk	and-[pass]dark, darkness Ethpeel	Romans 1:21
ܚܫܘܟܟ	ḥšwkk khshwkk	dark, darkness	Matthew 6:23
ܘܚܫܟܬ	wḥškt wkhshkth	and-dark, darkness[perf] Peal	John 6:17
ܠܡܚܫܟ	lmḥšk lmkhshk	so.that-dark, darkness	Luke 24:29
ܘܐܚܫܟܘ	wʾḥškw w'khshkw	and-[impf]dark, darkness[3pl] Aphel	John 12:40
ܘܒܚܫܘܟܐ	wbḥšwkʾ wbkhshwk'	dark, darkness	1 John 2:11
ܢܚܫܟܢ	nḥškn nkhshkn	[impf]dark, darkness-them	Romans 11:10
ܚܫܟܬ	ḥškt khshkth	dark, darkness[perf] Peal	Matthew 14:23

Hebrew Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
חָשַׁךְ	khashakh	be dark
חֹשֶׁךְ	khoshekh	darkness

Arabic Cognates

No Arabic cognates available for this root.