Peshitta Constellations

Explore the New Testament from its Aramaic roots

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Read the New Testament in its original Aramaic with transliteration and translation. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the ⚙️ settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.

Read Luke 1:28 →

Every triliteral root connects Aramaic to its sister languages. Search a root and explore its Hebrew and Arabic cognates, then visualize the full Semitic family as an interactive graph. The Root Card shows the semantic field, a key verse, and sister roots — roots sharing 2 of 3 consonants (e.g., SH-L-M ↔ SH-L-KH).

Explore ܫܘܚ R-W-KH → | Visualize R-W-KH →

Select a verse and watch how all its roots form a constellation of interconnected meanings. From the reader, click the scatter_plot icon next to the verse number.

scatter_plot The Annunciation — Luke 1:28 →

Semitic languages don't define: they radiate. Every word grows from a triliteral root that opens a force field. Discover the method of Semitic exegesis behind this application.

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ܫܟܒ SH-KH-P — lie down, sleep

Semantic field: reclining, horizontal rest, prostration

What gets lost in translation: In Aramaic, ܫܟܒ (shkhab) is fundamentally a postural, bodily act: the body laying itself horizontal upon the ground, the bed, or the tomb. The root covers everything from simply reclining to rest, to … Explore this root →

שָׁכַב shakhavשִׁכְבָה shikh'vahשָׁכֵב shakhev شَكَبَ shakabaشَاكِب shāki'bشَكْب shak'b

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muzzle, envy

Peshitta Occurrences

Form	Transliteration	Gloss	References
ܚܣܡܐ	ḥsmʾ khsm'	muzzle, envy	Matthew 27:18 Mark 15:10 Luke 6:11 Acts 5:17 Acts 13:45 1 Corinthians 3:3 Galatians 5:21 Philippians 1:15 1 Timothy 6:4 James 3:14 James 3:16
ܘܚܣܡܐ	wḥsmʾ wkhsm'	and-muzzle, envy	Romans 1:29 2 Corinthians 12:20 1 Peter 2:1
ܚܣܡܝܢ	ḥsmyn khsmyn	muzzle, envy[pl]	Galatians 4:17 Galatians 4:17
ܚܣܡ	ḥsm khsm	muzzle, envy Peal	1 Corinthians 13:4 Galatians 3:1
ܘܚܣܡܘ	wḥsmw wkhsmw	and-muzzle, envy[3pl] Peal	Acts 17:5
ܒܚܣܡܐ	bḥsmʾ bkhsm'	in-muzzle, envy	Romans 13:13
ܕܚܣܡ	dḥsm dkhsm	of-muzzle, envy	Titus 2:14
ܘܚܣܡܝܢ	wḥsmyn wkhsmyn	and-muzzle, envy[pl]	Galatians 5:26
ܘܒܚܣܡܐ	wbḥsmʾ wbkhsm'	and.in-muzzle, envy	Titus 3:3

Hebrew Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
חָסַם	khasam	to muzzle, to obstruct
חֲסֻם	ḥăsum	muzzle, snout
חִסְמָה	ḥismá	muzzle, gag

Arabic Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
حَسَمَ	ḥasama	to settle, to resolve
حَسَد	ḥasad	envy
حَسُوم	ḥaṣūm	stubborn, inflexible
حَسِيم	ḥaṣīm	envied, envious