Peshitta Constellations

Explore the New Testament from its Aramaic roots

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Read the New Testament in its original Aramaic with transliteration and translation. Click any underlined word to discover its triliteral root. Use the ⚙️ settings to choose your preferred translation language and script.

Read Luke 1:28 →

Every triliteral root connects Aramaic to its sister languages. Search a root and explore its Hebrew and Arabic cognates, then visualize the full Semitic family as an interactive graph. The Root Card shows the semantic field, a key verse, and sister roots — roots sharing 2 of 3 consonants (e.g., SH-L-M ↔ SH-L-KH).

Explore ܫܘܚ R-W-KH → | Visualize R-W-KH →

Select a verse and watch how all its roots form a constellation of interconnected meanings. From the reader, click the scatter_plot icon next to the verse number.

scatter_plot The Annunciation — Luke 1:28 →

Semitic languages don't define: they radiate. Every word grows from a triliteral root that opens a force field. Discover the method of Semitic exegesis behind this application.

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ܫܟܒ SH-KH-P — lie down, sleep

Semantic field: reclining, horizontal rest, prostration

What gets lost in translation: In Aramaic, ܫܟܒ (shkhab) is fundamentally a postural, bodily act: the body laying itself horizontal upon the ground, the bed, or the tomb. The root covers everything from simply reclining to rest, to … Explore this root →

שָׁכַב shakhavשִׁכְבָה shikh'vahשָׁכֵב shakhev شَكَبَ shakabaشَاكِب shāki'bشَكْب shak'b

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Search Syriac roots by their English meaning. Find the Aramaic semantic field of a concept.

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urge, exhort

Peshitta Occurrences

Form	Transliteration	Gloss	References
ܒܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ	bḥpyṭwtʾ bkhpyTwth'	urge, exhort	Romans 12:8 2 Corinthians 8:8 2 Timothy 1:17 2 Timothy 4:2
ܚܦܝܛܘܬܐ	ḥpyṭwtʾ khpyTwth'	urge, exhort	2 Corinthians 1:6 2 Corinthians 7:11 2 Corinthians 8:16 Hebrews 6:11
ܚܦܝܛܝܢ	ḥpyṭyn khpyTyn	urge, exhort	Romans 12:11 Ephesians 4:3
ܚܦܛܘܗܝ	ḥpṭwhy khpTwhy	urge, exhort-her	Acts 18:27
ܕܚܦܝܛܐ	dḥpyṭʾ dkhpyT'	urge, exhort	2 Corinthians 8:22
ܚܦܝܛܬܐ	ḥpyṭtʾ khpyTth'	urge, exhort	Acts 26:7
ܚܦܝܛܘ	ḥpyṭw khpyTw	urge, exhort	2 Corinthians 8:7
ܡܚܦܛ	mḥpṭ mkhpT	[ptcp]urge, exhort	Philippians 2:13
ܐܬܚܦܛܢ	ʾtḥpṭn 'thkhpTn	[pass]urge, exhort-them Ethpeel	1 Thessalonians 2:17
ܚܦܝܛ	ḥpyṭ khpyT	urge, exhort	2 Corinthians 8:22
ܚܦܛܘ	ḥpṭw khpTw	urge, exhort[3pl] Peal	Mark 15:11
ܕܡܬܚܦܛܐ	dmtḥpṭʾ dmthkhpT'	that.from-[impf]urge, exhort	Ephesians 2:2
ܐܬܚܦܛ	ʾtḥpṭ 'thkhpT	[pass]urge, exhort Ethpeel	1 Timothy 4:13
ܠܡܬܚܦܛܘ	lmtḥpṭw lmthkhpTw	so.that-[impf]urge, exhort[3pl]	2 Thessalonians 2:7
ܚܦܛ	ḥpṭ khpT	urge, exhort Peal	Galatians 2:8
ܕܚܦܛ	dḥpṭ dkhpT	of-urge, exhort	Galatians 2:8

Hebrew Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
חָפַז	khafaz	to hurry
חֻפְּזָה	ḥuftza	haste, hurry
חֵפֶץ	ḥefetz	desire, will

Arabic Cognates

Word	Transliteration	Meaning
حَفَّزَ	ḥaffaza	to motivate, to stimulate
تَحْفِيز	taḥfiz	motivation
حَفِيز	ḥafīz	motivating, stimulating
حُفْزَة	ḥufza	impetus, drive
تَحَفُّظ	taḥaffuẓ	precaution, caution